This common concern affects many patients starting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists like semaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy), liraglutide (Victoza, Saxenda), or dulaglutide (Trulicity) for type 2 diabetes or weight management
Concurrently, improved insulin sensitivity suppresses adipose tissue lipolysis and reduces circulating free fatty acid concentrations [57]
The SNAC absorption enhancer temporarily increases gastric pH and facilitates transcellular absorption across the stomach lining, but bioavailability remains relatively low at approximately 0.41% compared to subcutaneous administration
Beyond glycaemic control, GLP-1 medications slow gastric emptying , which prolongs the sensation of fullness after meals and contributes to reduced appetite
Therefore, following the approval of Exenatide, development of GLP-1 drugs mainly focused on two directions: developing long-acting GLP-1RAs and oral GLP-1RAs (Figure 3)