Thus, GSH plays the role of a mediator in crucial cellular processes, such as cell cycle progression and programmed cell death ( The GSH itself is created from amino acids, including glutamate, L-cysteine, and glycine, through two ATP-dependent enzymatic reactions mediated by -glutamylcysteine synthetase (-ECS or also known as GSH1) and GSH synthetase (GS or also named GSH2) ( Figure 1 )
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SARS-CoV-2 infection of Calu-3 cells caused a strong induction of the antiviral interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) signature, including several antiviral effectors, such as cGAS, Mx1, IFIT, IFIH, IFI16, IFI44, OAS, and ISG15, pathways of vesicular transport, tight junctions (KIF5A/B/C, OSBPL2, CLTCL1, and ARHGAP17) and ubiquitin modification (UBE2L3/5), as well as reprogramming of host metabolism, transcription and translation