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PARP-1: poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1

Glutathione helps protect the brain and nerve pathways it contains by reducing inflammation, and helps your brain eliminate toxins and waste byproducts that can interfere with neural activity

It functions as an electron carrier in cellular respiration and as a substrate for sirtuins (longevity proteins) and PARP enzymes (DNA repair proteins)

Copper accumulation: While copper is essential, excessive accumulation from multiple sources could theoretically lead to oxidative stress and uniform inflammation, distinct from localized purging

Additionally, impaired mitochondria disrupt cellular processes such as apoptosis and autophagy, further contributing to neuronal loss and pathology in these diseases (Muddapu et al., 2020)