In OA, This iron overload is closely related to disease progression, as it not only directly induces chondrocyte apoptosis but also accelerates cartilage degradation by upregulating matrix-degrading enzyme expression (Jing et al., 2021a)
Tetramethylpyrazine (ligustrazine), an alkaloid and one of the main metabolites of Ligusticum chuanxiong in DSS, possesses diverse physiological functions, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, autophagy modulation, vasodilation, angiogenesis regulation, mitochondrial damage inhibition, endothelial protection, and neuroprotection (Lin et al., 2022)
ESA Science & Technology
& Zhang, X.-Z
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