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Reference: Hsieh et al., 2017 (VEGFR2AkteNOS signalling involvement) VEGFR2 activation triggers: VEGF binding VEGFR2 autophosphorylation (turns on VEGFR2) which leads to PI3K activation which leads to Akt phosphorylation Akt (Protein Kinase B) is critical because it phosphorylates (turns on) eNOS which leads to Nitric oxide synthesis more nitric oxide

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This gives a clean working concentration for typical research dosing

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This stability makes it unique among therapeutic peptides and enables both injectable and oral administration routes