Notably, long-term effects of empaglifozin on renal and cardiovascular outcomes were assessed with the EMPA REG OUTCOME trial which demonstrated a reduction in the risk of death from cardiovascular disease (HR 0.62, 95% CI, 0.490.77), hospitalization for heart failure (HR 0.65, 95% CI, 0.500.85), and death from any cause (HR 0.68, 95% CI, 0.570.82) [97], as well as slower progression of kidney disease (HR 0.61, 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.70) and lower rates of clinically relevant renal events than placebo (HR 0.54, 95% CI, 0.400.75)
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Primarily animal and lab-based data
17 Apart from glucose transport and maintenance of a physiological state, SGLTs have also been linked to sodium, water, and urea transport, as well as cellular depolarization