Dysbiosis promotes a shift in TRP metabolism away from 5-HT and toward KYN, QA, and 3-HK, while simultaneously impairing intestinal barrier integrity and driving low-grade systemic inflammation, exaggerated cortisol reactivity, HPA-axis dysregulation, visceral adiposity, and cardiometabolic risk all features commonly comorbid with depression [178,179,180,181,182]
The pineal gland also has a secondary influence on reproductive hormones, particularly in seasonal breeders in the animal kingdom, although the significance of these findings in humans remains under investigation
Most evidence remains theoretical rather than robustly validated
Dohan Ehrenfest, D
Some may notice mild, temporary redness or irritation at the injection site, with occasional stinging upon administration