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Abbreviations ACC: acetyl-CoA carboxylase Akt: protein kinase B AMI: acute myocardial infarction AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase apoE / : Apolipoprotein E knockout ARE: antioxidant response elements Arl-2: ADP-ribosylation factor-like 2 BAD: BCL2 associated agonist of cell death BMP7: bone morphogenetic protein 7 BP: blood pressure CHD: coronary artery disease CVDs: cardiovascular diseases DM: diabetes mellitus eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase ERK1/2: extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 EVs: extracellular vesicles FGF21: fibroblast growth factor 21 FGFR1: fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 FXII: factor XII upd3: unpaired 3 GPR19: G protein-coupled receptor 19 HF: heart failure HMGB1: high mobility group box 1 ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule 1 I/R: ischemia/reperfusion ISR: in-stent restenosis JAK2: Janus kinase 2 KLF4: KLF transcription factor 4 LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1 LDL: low-density lipoprotein Ldlr: low-density lipoprotein receptor Ldlr / : low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout LDSFs: liver-derived secretory factors LKB1: liver kinase B1 MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinases MI: myocardial infarction MMP-2: matrix metallopeptidase 2 NAFLD: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease NF-B: nuclear factor-kappaB NLRP3: NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 Nrf2: transcription factor NF-E2-related 2 PAI-1: plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 PDK4: pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 PERK: protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase RISK: reperfusion injury salvage kinase PON1: paraoxonase 1 ROS: reactive oxygen species SDHB: succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit B SIRT1: sirtuin 1 SMAD2: SMAD family member 2 STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 TGF-RI: transforming growth factor-beta receptor type 1 TMAO: trimethylamine N-oxide TNF-: tumor necrosis factor-alpha VECs: vascular endothelial cells VEGFR2: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 VSMCs: vascular smooth muscle cells Declarations Funding This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No