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Excess copper is reduced by FDX1 to generate Cu, which drives cell death via two primary mechanisms: (1) Cu-mediated aggregation of lipoylated TCA cycle proteins (e.g., DLAT) and loss of Fe-S clusters, and (2) Cu-induced disruption of the Npl4/p97 protein quality-control system

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Individual responses vary, and hydration is the most consistent and best-supported short-term effect

Dermatologists explain the immune mechanism, why stress triggers it, how to identify it, and what treatments actually work for patchy hair loss